A World of Critical Thinkers

The world is becoming more competitive thus, there is an need to make decisions that would matter. In formulating intelligent decisions, the individual should not only think individually but holistically. It is through collective thinking that he is able to see the real impact of a certain act. In this day and age, there are is a need to look beyond the facts and analyze things deeper. As much as possible, all details should be taken into consideretion. The paper contains a discussion of critical thinking and how it could help in the formulating intelligent decisions.It enumerates the characterisitics of a critical thinker and the instances whhere this form of thinking can be applied. A World of Critical Thinkers Many educators are concerned with the way their students process information. There are those who exhibit confusion and doubt their understanding of the lessons while there are those who feel confident about it and can answer any question related to the topic. This variance that educators get from their students places them in doubt whether or not they are able to reach out to the needs of their students.In most instances, the teacher is the provider of the information while the student is the receiver; seldom does it happen that process is reversed. This is the reason why many students exhibit dependence to their teachers. However, this should not be the case as it is like spoon feeding them. Learning is not merely about absorbing the information that are provided, it is about understanding, analyzing and thinking critically the subject matter presented. The level of understanding of the students do not actually depend on their mental capacity but on their capability to think critically.Critical thinking is a form of reflective, skillful and responsible thinking. It is going beyond the facts and finding reason for the existence of those facts. It is the ability of an individual to take charge of his own thinking by developing criteria and standards fo r assessment (Elder and Paul,1994). Critical thinkers are not contented with what are merely presented to them, they exert effort to understand and reason out through gathering additional information. They analyze holistically and not individually. Through this collective analysis, one can interconnect the details and see the real impact thereof.Good conclusions are not simply formulated from a simple set of facts; they are based on research and critical analysis. A good critic ignores his biases and tries to understand things as they appear. He uses evidence impartially and skillfully. He is someone who is willing to let go of his hypothesis and formulated conclusions in case the results do not come out right. He is open minded and expects a lot of possibilities. He does not limit himself with what he knows; instead he explores to understand and learn.He also understands the difference between logically valid and invalid inferences and can distinguish the variance betweem reasoning and rationalizing. Most of the designers of critical thinking programs are social scientists. They create these designs mainly to improve thinking in the fields of social studies and the humnanities (Schafersman, 1991). Critical thinking can be applied in lectures, laboratories, making of homeworks, quantitative execises such as solving mathematical and word problems, making of term papers and most importantly answering questions during examinations.These activities encourage the students to understand better and apply inquisitive and reasoning skills (Schafersman, 1991). Critical thinking skills should be developed as early as possible because once this is established, it will be easier for the individual to make intelligent choices. The reason why many people commit mistakes is not because of mere ignorance or frailty of mind. They commit mistakes because they fail to think intelligently and analyze the facts involved before they act or make decisions.Hard decisions in life are m ade after careful thinking and analysis. All aspects of the issue is viewed and all possible effects are expected. A critical thinker is able plan ahead and provide remedy for any anomaly that may happen in the execution of his task or in the realization of the decision that he made. At work, the application of critical thinking is inevitable. Proper decisions must be made in order for the company to function better. Any unintelligent decision may create serious repurcussions.Every move must count and the effects thereof be combatted easily. I was once assigned to make a proposal regarding the expansion of the market of the company that I work for. In making the proposal, I did not simply rely on what I know instead I conducted research and surveys. First I listed the interests of the company and its main goals then I made a list of competitors and analyzed their profile. I studied their strengths and weaknesses as well as the business interetsts that they have.Through this process, I was able to figure out on which aspect can the company can develop an edge over the others. When I have determined the aspect to concetrate on, I researched for possible markets for the new undertaking. I conducted surveys to determine its profitability and the people who will patronize it. Knowing the class of people who are interested in the undertaking will help the company in creating products and giving services that they need and want. A company exists to provide services and products for the consumption of the people.They exist to serve and gain profit thus, in formulating decisions, they make sure that the needs of their clients are addressed. After generating data for the new business and the market thereof, I also made an analysis on how to go about with it. The advantages and disadvantages were laid out as well as the probability of the success of the business. Analyzing the data as well as the results of the surveys was a difficult task since these were not seen as th ey are. There was a holistic analysis of the issues presented to better understand the impact of the project.Taking them piece by piece may not necessarily yield to the results that the company needs. I had to look beyond the facts and think for the future. I also opened my mind to several possibilities that may happen and prepared back up plans in case the initial plan fails. The result generted from all of these facts were collated to form the proposal. It was after completing the job that I realized the importance of critical thinking. There is a need to think out of the box to be able to list down endless possibilities and ways of exploring those possibilities.Through the activity,i realized that critical thinking is a tedious process, however the results generated from it makes the effort worthwhile. Through critical thinking, the world becomes more colorful and exciting. References Elder, L. and Paul, R. â€Å"Critical thinking: why we must transform our teaching. † Jou rnal of Development Education, Fall 1994. Schafersman, S. (1991). An Introduction to Critical Thinking. Free Inquiry. Retrieved 14 October 2008 from, http://www. freeinquiry. com/critical-thinking. html

No Country for Old Men

In the novel No Country for Old Men, written by Cormac McCarthy, a perversion of the American dream is presented as the relinquishment of power. Power is defined as the influence one has over people and in McCarthy’s novel he demonstrates three ways to posses this: money, authority, and the ability to strike fear into the hearts of others. Every thing is swallowed by a money-induced apathy lately, leaving nothing else of any importance. Moss, a main character in the novel, uses his new found wealth as a tool to manipulate bystanders into helping him get what he needs.In most cases people are hesitant at first to help this distressed looking man, but as soon as he waves a hundred dollar bill or two there are no more questions asked: Excuse me, he said. Leaning against the chainlink fence. His bloody footprints on the walk behind him like clues in an arcade. Excuse me. They were stepping off the curb into the roadway to go around him. Excuse me I wondered if you all would sell m e a coat. They didnt stop till they were past him. Then one of them turned. What’ll you give? He said. (p. 117)Money is power, and with this in mind many people do not see or simply just do not care about the people who are affected by their action. As long as the outcome has a nicely figured income it is all the same to them. When Llewellyn Moss stumbles across a leather briefcase containing the better part of 2 million dollars, a payoff intended for some Mexican dope-runners, his life takes a turn for the worst. He’s just too dumbfounded to realize. During a shoot out with the opposing parties, two of mosses bullets pierced threw an old woman’s second floor apartment window blowing her brains out on the back of her rocking chair.When Moss is presented with photographs of the woman he denies the fact that he could have ever done this and says, â€Å"You’re full of shit†(p151). How does a man that carries around a shotgun in a duffle bag not believ e he could have killed someone with a stray bullet? The unreal amount of money he posses now blinds him from the cold truth reality has to offer. Power has turned this once sensible man into a reckless killer and a fugitive. This asks the question what good is power if your life is uncontrollably spiraling down the drain.Moss let this power get the better of him and it ended with his death, where as Bell, the Texas county Sheriff, is over powered by the way society is forever changing in the worst ways. He realizes there is not much his authority can do to change the way crime is escalading, but he is still going to give it his best at the end of the day: I read the papers ever mornin. Mostly I suppose just to try and figure out what might be headed this way. Not that I done all that good a job headin it off. It keeps getting harder. (p. 40)It is people like Chigurh that the Sheriff is talking about if not specifically when he says â€Å"They dont have no respect for the law†¦ they dont even think about the law†. This man, whose authority was once well respected by the people, is now just referred to as â€Å"a redneck sheriff in a hick town†(p. 151). Even though he had the law, authority, and a taskforce behind him, Sheriff Bell was never even a threat to anyone in this novel. He lost his power a long time ago. Chigurh, a field worker, is in the business of killing and getting jobs done like the retrieval of stolen drug profit.And thinks of him self as a superior to al of his victims as if they should be thankful he is how he is, he tells one man â€Å" I’m here and you are there. In a few minutes I will still be here†¦if you don’t respect me what must you think of yourself? Look at where you are. † (p. 177). It really just relates back to the animal kingdom. Chigurh is a lion and everyone he has ever killed is a gazelle. If the lion stopped hunting the gazelles they would eventually not fear him anymore and he woul d no longer be kink of the jungle.Chigurh realizes he only has power because of his murders and becomes a slave to them. Even though he doesn’t want to kill Mosses wife he has to, so he try’s to explain â€Å"You’re asking that I make myself vulnerable and that I can never do. I have only one way to live†¦Do you see? † (p. 259) No country for old men sends across the message that Power is not everything it is cracked up to be especially in a bad situation. It comes and goes, but if it is your soul purpose in life to find it, you might just look up from your map and find yourself lost.When moss finds the briefcase he might think he is dream at first but he soon realizes it is more of a nightmare. So does Sheriff Bell, every time he reads the newspaper he thinks back to the way it was when his grandfather was the Sheriff. The only one who has managed to maintain what they consider to be a simple happy life is Chigurh the psychotic killer. So it is real ly left up to you to decide weather or not we are living the dream or trapped in a never-ending nightmare. By Kyle Dunbar No Country for Old Men In the novel No Country for Old Men, written by Cormac McCarthy, a perversion of the American dream is presented as the relinquishment of power. Power is defined as the influence one has over people and in McCarthy’s novel he demonstrates three ways to posses this: money, authority, and the ability to strike fear into the hearts of others. Every thing is swallowed by a money-induced apathy lately, leaving nothing else of any importance. Moss, a main character in the novel, uses his new found wealth as a tool to manipulate bystanders into helping him get what he needs.In most cases people are hesitant at first to help this distressed looking man, but as soon as he waves a hundred dollar bill or two there are no more questions asked: Excuse me, he said. Leaning against the chainlink fence. His bloody footprints on the walk behind him like clues in an arcade. Excuse me. They were stepping off the curb into the roadway to go around him. Excuse me I wondered if you all would sell m e a coat. They didnt stop till they were past him. Then one of them turned. What’ll you give? He said. (p. 117)Money is power, and with this in mind many people do not see or simply just do not care about the people who are affected by their action. As long as the outcome has a nicely figured income it is all the same to them. When Llewellyn Moss stumbles across a leather briefcase containing the better part of 2 million dollars, a payoff intended for some Mexican dope-runners, his life takes a turn for the worst. He’s just too dumbfounded to realize. During a shoot out with the opposing parties, two of mosses bullets pierced threw an old woman’s second floor apartment window blowing her brains out on the back of her rocking chair.When Moss is presented with photographs of the woman he denies the fact that he could have ever done this and says, â€Å"You’re full of shit†(p151). How does a man that carries around a shotgun in a duffle bag not believ e he could have killed someone with a stray bullet? The unreal amount of money he posses now blinds him from the cold truth reality has to offer. Power has turned this once sensible man into a reckless killer and a fugitive. This asks the question what good is power if your life is uncontrollably spiraling down the drain.Moss let this power get the better of him and it ended with his death, where as Bell, the Texas county Sheriff, is over powered by the way society is forever changing in the worst ways. He realizes there is not much his authority can do to change the way crime is escalading, but he is still going to give it his best at the end of the day: I read the papers ever mornin. Mostly I suppose just to try and figure out what might be headed this way. Not that I done all that good a job headin it off. It keeps getting harder. (p. 40)It is people like Chigurh that the Sheriff is talking about if not specifically when he says â€Å"They dont have no respect for the law†¦ they dont even think about the law†. This man, whose authority was once well respected by the people, is now just referred to as â€Å"a redneck sheriff in a hick town†(p. 151). Even though he had the law, authority, and a taskforce behind him, Sheriff Bell was never even a threat to anyone in this novel. He lost his power a long time ago. Chigurh, a field worker, is in the business of killing and getting jobs done like the retrieval of stolen drug profit.And thinks of him self as a superior to al of his victims as if they should be thankful he is how he is, he tells one man â€Å" I’m here and you are there. In a few minutes I will still be here†¦if you don’t respect me what must you think of yourself? Look at where you are. † (p. 177). It really just relates back to the animal kingdom. Chigurh is a lion and everyone he has ever killed is a gazelle. If the lion stopped hunting the gazelles they would eventually not fear him anymore and he woul d no longer be kink of the jungle.Chigurh realizes he only has power because of his murders and becomes a slave to them. Even though he doesn’t want to kill Mosses wife he has to, so he try’s to explain â€Å"You’re asking that I make myself vulnerable and that I can never do. I have only one way to live†¦Do you see? † (p. 259) No country for old men sends across the message that Power is not everything it is cracked up to be especially in a bad situation. It comes and goes, but if it is your soul purpose in life to find it, you might just look up from your map and find yourself lost.When moss finds the briefcase he might think he is dream at first but he soon realizes it is more of a nightmare. So does Sheriff Bell, every time he reads the newspaper he thinks back to the way it was when his grandfather was the Sheriff. The only one who has managed to maintain what they consider to be a simple happy life is Chigurh the psychotic killer. So it is real ly left up to you to decide weather or not we are living the dream or trapped in a never-ending nightmare. By Kyle Dunbar

Strategies for Avoiding Plagiarism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Strategies for Avoiding Plagiarism - Essay Example One can use the resources of other people to paraphrase, summarize, copy words, phrases or sentences in his or her work. Therefore, writers should fully acknowledge the source of the resource used for clear citation through in-citation or bibliography in order to avoid plagiarism There are various strategies that writers use to avoid plagiarism in their work. The first strategy widely used by academic writers to avoid plagiarism is proper documentation of resources used in their contents. Content documentation refers to the acknowledgment of authors of academic work used in developing one's work. The writer documents the authors of resources such as books, articles, blogs, newspaper posts, essays, magazines, songs, and artworks. Documentation is the safest and appropriate strategy to avoid plagiarism completely. Secondly, academic writers employ another strategy of proper planning before beginning to write academic work. Planning is an important step to make while writing academic papers and presentations since it ensures that one utilizes resources effectively and acknowledges authors adequately. Proper planning also enhances proper choice of works, ideas, statements and phrase to use in the content of the work being produced. Planning for academic writing involves adequate resource search, analysis of identified sources in accordance with the topic discussed and selection of the most appropriate resources to use in executing the academic writing process. Therefore, proper planning is an important strategy used by the writer to avoid writing mistakes such as plagiarism. The two strategies of avoiding plagiarism identified have different impact and importance in the academic writing process. In a comparison of these strategies, both strategies enable writers to avoid plagiarism in the work.  

EWRT 211 Lessons Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 13

EWRT 211 Lessons - Personal Statement Example To begin with, the lessons in organization and analysis helped me to improve upon my reading and comprehension skills because I was forced to read and understand the new language that I was learning. I will admit that it was a struggle at first and I wished to have translations available for me but I knew that it would defeat the purpose of this class. So I applied my analytical skills as best as I could and, even with my grammatical mistakes, I am able to say that I was able to understand the lesson. Although my own thoughts on the topic might have been unclear to the reader at the start due to my language limitation. I found myself improving quite a lot when the lessons allowed me to develop my own vivid examples, which in turn helped me to better convey my thoughts in complete sentences. The chance to proofread myself also afforded me to catch my grammatical errors and correct them whenever possible. As my professor, you will also note the great improvement in my written assignments as I progressed in class. Finally being able to provide specific evidence for claims and discussing them in depth has helped me mature as a writer and developed my brains language skills as well. The result of my hard work in this class is that I am now a more accomplished writer in the English language. I am also able to completely analyze the written word and convey my own opinions on the matter in a method that is easily understood by others. My academic maturity in terms of English language use has become more pronounced and has resulted in a remarkable improvement in my confidence as a student when submitting my written work.

Blue Cross Mistake Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Blue Cross Mistake - Case Study Example lans, pre-existing conditions plan and other services that include case management, health lifestyle programs and medical coverage policies (BCBSRI, n.d). In April 2010 Blue Cross and Blue Shield Company were faced with a crisis in which personal information that belongs to approximately twelve thousand BlueCHiP for Medicare members of the company was accidentally contained in a filing cabinet that was donated to a local non- profit organization. The filing cabinet was among other office furniture that was donated to this local organization. This information was sensitive as it contained Medicare Health surveys that included names, contact information, social security data, Medicare identification numbers and other medical information which is not supposed to be in the public domain. The local non-profit organization reported the presence of the information in the office equipment that was donated to them. This prompted a quick investigation into the problem. The company notified the appropriate authorities of the problem including the Medicare members. This was not just enough to handle the above incident. In ensuring that the information was not misused by any other party that got access to it, the company is offering free credit monitoring, assistance in identity theft protection and an Identity protection guarantee for a year. On the other hand to ensure that there is no repeat of such an incident the company was forced to take disciplinary action for all the employees who failed to adhere to the company’s guidelines on information handling (BCBSRI, n.d). The company took the necessary steps in ensuring that the information was not compromised as a result of the breach. In my opinion the steps that the company took were swift and effective in handling the incident. The company made a good choice by informing the relevant authorities and the affected members of the data breach. This is a good sign as they took responsibility of their mess. By offering the

Right to Confrontation Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Right to Confrontation - Article Example They didnt call the examiners as witnesses. The respondent ought to have the capacity to get his conviction upset dependent upon Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts, the decision from last June, which held, by a 5-to-4 vote, that utilizing lab reports without calling the experts maltreats the Sixth Amendment. The revisions encounter provision ensures litigants the right to see indictment witnesses in individual and to interrogate them, unless they are genuinely inaccessible. In cases that include medicates, and numerous that dont, lab examiners work could be a discriminating some piece of the indictments case. On the off chance that the prosecutors need to utilize the reports, they ought to be obliged to call the examiners as witnesses. It is not clear why the Supreme Court is racing to reexamine this issue. There are a few contrasts in the guidelines on witnesses between Virginia and Massachusetts. In any case it may be that with Justice Sonia Sotomayor having supplanted Justice David Souter, the nonconformists accept they have a fifth vote to disintegrate or undiscovered last Junes decision. As a previous associate area lawyer, some court examiners contend, she may be more thoughtful to the trouble on prosecutors. As a circuit court judge, Justice Sotomayor did regularly run for the administration in criminal cases, however making forecasts of this sort is hazardous. In the event that the court changes the tenet, it might be a noteworthy setback for common freedoms, and not simply in cases including lab confirmation. Prosecutors may utilize the choice to legitimize offering various kinds of affirmations, recorded proclamations and other confirmation from missing

Strategic Human Resource Management Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Strategic Human Resource Management - Article Example Those working in firms are protected by these unions such that their wages and salaries cannot be altered by the employer at his/her own pleasure. Also, the unions ensure workers work for negotiable hours. In addition, they focuses on workers’ health and safety through negotiating for favourable working conditions (Wilkinson 2014, p. 90). Secondly, the unions represent workers to their employers. Usually, the employers engage in â€Å"collective bargaining† with the trade unions. The unionsnegotiates for workers’ rights during these meetings. Sometimes, disagreements arise, which results to industrial actions such as a strike. In order to prevent workers from negotiating individually with their employers, the trade unions give them adviceandinformation on the best ways to give their complaints and at the right time. Other functions of the unions include resolving conflicts and providing services for the union members.Some of these services include insurance schemes, pension schemes, and discounts on shopping (Wilkinson 2014, p. 99). As stated earlier, trade unions have changed their roles over the past years due to globalization, outsourcing of labour and legal constraints. The role of unions has changed recently where they not only represent workers during negotiations but also recruit new workers in case the employers dismiss them. Due to the fragmentation of the labour market, the trade unions have reduced their role of ensuring the welfare of many workers. In other words, they have shifted their focus from workers to the enterprises.They regulate the workers conditions and payments at enterprise-level unlike before when they acted with workers in fighting for labour rights. The rise of unions that are sponsored by employers have eroded the basic roles of trade unions in protecting labourforce (Wilkinson 2014, p. 100). Most firms have employed the non-union workers as a way of protecting themselves from industrial strikes.Therefore, trade

Commemorative speech on Princess Diana or Presentation

Commemorative on Princess Diana - Speech or Presentation Example The outrageous, unusual and fascinating life styles of princesses have always been under limelight. But it’s not at all easy to spend a life of legend. One such example is Princess Diana. She was a kind hearted, devoted and loving woman. As I overview her life, I realize the importance of her role as a magnificent Princess and an icon. She was a perfect mother of Prince William and Prince Harry and a devoted Princess of Whales. As I go through the kaleidoscope of her life, the most prominent feature of her personality which enhances our emotional attachment with her is the heighted sense of serving. Although the kind lady had an iconic presence on the world’s stage still she never ignored her routine of visiting schools, nurseries, hospitals and other public places. She soon became the lovely lady of her people who was involved in charity work. The charismatic and donated lady’s efforts for land mining were appreciated worldwide. Her role for the AIDS sufferers w as highly admired by the public. It was her biggest achievement. She succeeded in realizing people that contact with the patients was risk-free by shaking hand with them. Whenever you need a compassionate buddy, she was there to help and console. She said: â€Å"Nothing brings me more happiness than trying to help the most vulnerable people in society. It is a goal and an essential part of my life - a kind of destiny.

Exploratory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Exploratory - Essay Example Therefore, the term Cultural Heritage refers to those customs and traditions which a nation has been observing for a period of time. These customs and traditions are valuable to the extent that though modified they are observed for centuries without fail and with pomp and show. Cultural Heritage has a vital role to play in the development of a nation. It is the charm of a particular society. It works as source of inspiration for the whole community. It turns out to be a symbol of pride for the whole nation. It infuses in the whole nation a desire to live, the reason to fight for its cause, the motive to propagate the beauties it has and so on. Cultural Heritage is the reflected beauty of a society and it determines the overall history of a nation’s character (Hoffman 27-31). One of the many Cultural Heritages of mine, Wedding Ceremony occupies the most important position due to the interesting and heart-touching ritual. I termed it ‘most important’ because it had to cast a shadow on the whole of my life. It was the first brick that I based in building my new life. The Ceremony featured a rich composition of Folk-Music, singing songs, dancing traditional dance and the shows of local arts. These festivities date back to the past, hence, speaking of the majesty of our traditions. Wedding was, as is the custom, carried out after a proper procedure in which the groom is chosen for the bride either by the bride herself or her family. The procedure is interesting and appealing to the heart. The groom goes to the bride’s parents’ house and demands for their daughter’s hand. The parents demand ransom in return. Ransom is offered by the groom. In the meanwhile, bride is ritually protected from getting stolen without ransom. In th e course of paying the ransom, the groom offers something costly which may be money or some jewelry for the

Should the Government Bail out the Auto Industry Essay

Should the Government Bail out the Auto Industry - Essay Example Further, US automobile industry is dominated by three major players namely Chrysler, General Motors and Ford. However, from the year 2003, the scenario in the U.S. automobile industry has dramatically transformed. At present, the lion’s share of cars sold in the U.S market were either assembled or manufactured by foreign manufacturers at their new North American manufacturing units which is famously known as â€Å"transplant facilities† or imported. Due to cut throat competition, the big three U.S. auto majors now have to concentrate only in light trucks manufacturing and even there, they are being encountered by competition from foreign manufacturers. Since 1980, on financial ground, the major three big players of U.S.A have laid off more than 600,000 jobs. Michigan has been the worst affected state since more than 100,000 individuals have lost their jobs in the automobile industry since 1980. It is to be noted that in 1980, Regan administration had been urged to negotiate quotas on imports from Japan. Nonetheless, by and large U.S deficit in automotive trade deficit in automotive commerce had enlarged from $ 10 billion in 1979 to in excess of $150 billion per annum in 2000 despite of high quantum of inward remittances by foreign automobile manufacturers and a fall in the imports as foreign model cars have been manufactured at transplant assembly facilities in U.S.A itself. In 1980, U.S. had framed policies intended at demanding foreign automobile manufactures operating from America to manufacture more of the model of cars that they sell to America and some other policies intended at increasing awareness of consumers about imported vehicles and automobile parts, like the American Automobile Labeling Act, seem to have had no effect on t he increase of this sector’s trade deficit. In 2004, the trade deficit with the Japan was more than $48 billion and the U.S exports to Japan were just $ 2 billion Further, U.S.A trade deficit with Korea

Vietnamese Writing System Essay Example for Free

Vietnamese Writing System Essay A pgonemic system with borrowings from Chinese logographs, the modern Vietnamese writing system is a 17th century reformed Latin alphabet known as quoc ngu (â€Å"Conlang,† 2007). The present system was developed by the Portuguese missionaries in Vietnam (â€Å"The Vietnamese,† 2006). The system has penetrated all walks of life and today is the dominant writing system in the country without fear or favor (â€Å"Vietnamese Language,† 2007). Of course, Vietnam has very close ties with China. Not only is the Vietnamese writing system using some of the Chinese logographs; but the love of literacy in the golden (ancient) Chinese civilization has also been transferred unto the Vietnamese people. Before the 17th century the dominant writing system in Vietnam used â€Å"modified Chinese characters† (â€Å"The Vietnamese†). The system was called Chonum. That system was completely overruled at the time the French missionary by the name of Alexandre de Rhodes confirmed quoc ngu as the new system of Latin style writing in Vietnam. Life changed for the Vietnamese people forever as internationalization took hold. After all, the writing system of a peoples represents their very heart and soul in some way or another. Reforms made to writing systems do also reveal patterns of historical movements. The Vietnamese writing system has not undergone reforms after Rhodes. This stability in the use of language is supplemented by the fact that Latin is a multinational alphabet that has been adopted by the very ethnic, nationalist, and individualist Vietnamese peoples (â€Å"Writing,† 2007). As is obvious, the Vietnamese people have adopted internationalization wholeheartedly, even though colonialism might not have been a brilliant experience for everybody. The use of quoc ngu in modern-day Vietnam is a testament to the potency of long lasting changes. References Conlang/Intermediate/Writing. (2007). Wikibooks. Retrieved 15 June 2007, from http://en. wikibooks. org/wiki/Conlang/Intermediate/Writing. The Vietnamese Writing System. (2006). Globalization Partners International. Retrieved 15 June 2007, from http://www. globalisationpartners. com/Translation_Services/Vietnamese/HTML/The_Vie tnamese_Writing_System. html. Vietnamese Language. (2007). Wikipedia. Retrieved 15 June 2007, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Vietnamese_language. Writing: The history, development and evolution of the world’s writing systems. (2007). Kryss Tal. Retrieved 15 June 2007, from http://www. krysstal. com/writing. html.

Parenting styles Essay Example for Free

Parenting styles Essay 1.What are the different parenting styles used by families? Which do you think is better? Why? The three different parenting styles used by familes are authoritarian style, permissive style and democratic style. In my opinion, the better style of the three is the democratic style. Reason being, I believe kids should be disciplined and learn how to behave in a controlled environment for the future, but I also believe children should have their voices heard. I also believe that kids should make their own decisions in life because they wont have their parents their whole lives and need to learn how to live and make decisions on their own. The democratic style of parenting allows this to come into play. It is stern with the rules, but allows freedom for the children to make their own life choices, within reason. 2.What makes a person ready for parenthood? When should an individual consider entering parenthood? Who should postpone parenthood? Should everyone become a parent eventually? Do you think some people should not become parents altogether. A person whos ready for parenthood is one who has a stable job and income. One who can support the financial and emotional needs of a child and one who is ready to take on the responsibility of a life. An individual should consider taking on the task once they have a stable income, job and can provide for the child. One should also consider becoming a parent when he/she feels it is the correct time to do so. One should postpone parenthood if they feel as if they cannot be there 100% for their child. If they cannot financially support themselves, then they should not take on the responsibilities of caring for another life, especially one who cannot care for themselves. I don’t believe everyone should become a parent eventually. If you are not the caring and nurturing type of person and would not be  content with caring for another life, I do no think it would be a good idea to have a child. Some people are just not cut out for parenthood. Becoming a parent takes a lot of sacrifice. Whether it may be holding off on climbing the ladder of success or taking personal time away, parents are always sacrificing themselves for their children. If one is not ready for that type of commitment, then they should not enter the world of parenthood.

Can a Historian Look at the Past Objectively?

Can a Historian Look at the Past Objectively? In the following lines, it is going to be discussed the statement It is impossible for an historian not to view the recent past through a moral or ideological lens. In order to offer a deeper insight in the topic, it has been considered appropriate to reformulate the statement, turning it into a question and formulating it in a positive way. As well, though we will go back to it later, it has been considered as well to remove the nuance recent from the question. Thus, this is the result: It is possible for a historian not to view the past through a moral and ideological lens?. These modifications, that as we may see dont distort the essence of the original proposal, will make easier to think about the topic, as facilitates the task of consider it from a historical and epistemological-based perspective, which enables us to give a broader picture about it and its historical roots. Anyway, in the conclusion, the original statement will be brought back again, and answered. The first step before going deep in this issue, is to define briefly what do we understand for moral and ideological lens. To question if history is written through a moral lens, applied to the case of historical studies, can be understood as questioning whereas all studies in the field are morally biased or not; what is to say, if beneath any text is it possible to find some clues about the moral position of the author. To explain what it is understood by ideological lens, it has been judged appropriated the definition given by professor Michael Hunt: an interrelated set of convictions or assumptions that reduce the complexity of a particular slice of reality to easily comprehensive terms and suggests appropriate ways of dealing with that reality[1]. Maybe this definition can seem too broad, but it has been chosen precisely because of that: it allows to include in thiscategory not only the structures of thought that are usually considered as ideologies, such as Marxism or Liberalism, but as well different intellectual trends or other theories of knowledge. In other words, ideology is understood as an accepted body of ideas that helps to conduct a research and explain processes, in the field of social sciences. Hence, an approach through an ideological lens consists on the analysis and reconstruction of historical events through the referential points given by this structure. So, the discussion about if it is possible for a historian whether to see or not the recent past through a moral or ideological lens is about his capacity of keeping his own position and concerns outside the view of the past that is offering through his writings. In the end, the issue under discussion here can be identified with the recurring argument in historiography about objectivity and subjectivity in historical research. Therefore, along the essay we will make a lot of references to it. Once the concepts have been focused, everything is ready to continue diving in our issue. As it has been seen, the matter that occupies us can be identified with the historiographical discussion of whether objectivity is possible or not. In the following lines, we will bring up the main positions stood among scholars around this question, and the shifts that those views have experienced along the last century. This will help to give some steps towards a solution to it. Traditionally, related to the issue of objectivity and subjectivity, from the theoretical positions among the scholars in the field, we could distinguish two currents. On one hand, those who defend that objectivity can be achievable, and that is mandatory; on the other, those who think that is not only an unrealistic aim, but an undesirable one. Of course, as always in social sciences, this distinction must not be intended to be pure and rigid. On the first group, we could find the pioneer of the discipline Leopold Von Ranke, and his line has been followed by other historians such as Trevelyan or David Thomson[2]. Quoting Ranke, the main position of this group can be summarized in the idea that history is about simply to show how it really was[3]; to learn it in its own terms. They justify this main statement in the idea that there is a need to give primacy to the facts, that them should be the main point of departure of any historical research. Hence, history should be about establishing facts in a first stance, and identifying connections, but with a total detachment from the object of study, without contaminating historical reality with personal prejudices[4]. Of course, we can find some variants among this group, as some objectivists will concede some space to speculation or personal interpretation. This is the case of Trevelyan indeed, or of a XIX century intellectual who stated that facts are sacred, opinion is free[5]. But they all share the main standpoint that primacy have to be given to the facts, and that interpretation and historical reconstruction must be perfectly distinguished. On the other hand, we could find a school of historians which can be englobed in a more subjectivist trend. In this group, we can find historians such as Benedetto Croce, in the early XX century, or Carr himself, in the sixties. One of the most enlightening summaries of this view Croces statement all history is contemporary history[6]; they understood that the task of the historian was to see the past through the eyes of the present, and to evaluate it (from it)[7]. Therefore, they argued that all his ideas, theories and assumptions, his ideological and moral background, were reflected upon the text. In this way, Carr would argue that, despite facts are the backbone of historical studies, are not its reason[8]. It can be said that what he was trying to say is that facts are necessary condition, but not sufficient. But this group distinction is not useful anymore, since the outbreak in the late XX Century of a new school of thought that shivered, and still doing, the foundations of historical theory: postmodernism. Despite all the differences of perspective that confronted both trends, they were discussing inside a shared paradigm: modernity. Maybe they didnt agree in the relationship of the historian with his work, in the idea of detachment, or on the primacy of the facts doctrine, but all of them agreed on the idea that the achievable aim of the discipline was related to historical truth. It can be counterargued that they stood a different conception of the concept of historical truth, but undoubtedly shared the standpoint that his works where referring to an external truth. The outbreak of postmodernism from the late sixties onwards broke with this shared paradigm. From the field of philology and philosophy, the idea that there is not linkage between reality and the works that try to explain it, spread to the other branches of knowledge. Postmodernists, such as the French philosopher Jacques Derrida, regarded that objectivity in historical studies must be understood as an unachievable myth, a mere product of what might be called the referential illusion[9]. Following the path charted by the early postmodernists on the sixties, some historians such as Theodore Zeldin[10] accepted these basis, assuming a relativism through the acceptance of the premises that historical texts are not bound to any historical truth, so are to be seen as mere subjective personal views.[11] These assumptions were elevated to the category of rights, understanding that every historical explanation should be regarded as a personal tale, concluding therefore, as Zeldin states, everyone has the right to find his own perspective[12]. As we can see, if we want to preserve the binary distinction of two confronted groups, to gain a faithful picture of the current discussion, we have to reformulate it. Then, in one side we find the post-modernist view, which claims not only that any view in history is biased by moral and ideological concerns, but that everything is ideology and morals, those of the author, who stands behind the tale. On the other, those who believe that reference to historical truth is achievable. Inside this group, we may find some differences about the specific definition of truth or the role of ideology and so on, but this main point unifies them. Nowadays, it is commonly accepted that some ideological and moral bias is unavoidable[13], but among this group it is denied that this doesnt allow to reach certain objective conclusions. So, if we want to stay in the frame of the current polemics in the field, the question about whether it is impossible not to view the past through a moral or ideological lens requires to inquiry in which way historians pre-assumptions are reflected on his work, to which extent does it distort the vision about the past, and whether this enables us to talk about an achievable objective historical truth or not. Until now, we have been focusing the question: first, by clarifying the concepts; later, by having a brief look to the status of the issue among scholars. The latter point lead us to the stance that is widely accepted that moral and ideology are present in any historical work. There is no one easy answer to what are the implications of it, and we have thought that the best way of understanding it is by revising some of the main elements that take part in historical research. Through a brief study of how history is made, we will be able to understand how the moral and ideological assumptions of the author, his subjectivity, are present on his works. But before that, as are very related to the question of How?, it would be interesting to have a brief look to the question of What is the historian looking for? and the reasons of why is it judged of interest. Of course, the questions of What? and Why history? would deserve a whole essay. But our aim is not to tackle with the topic of the nature of history. Therefore, we will devote just a few lines to these matters. 4.1) What? The question of what history is was first critically formulated by Ranke, who developed the idea that historys aim was to study it in its own terms, how it really was[14]. The idea was that the historian had to go to the archives, and collect facts which would explain how was the past. So, we can say, he understood that history was a reality that resided in the sources, and that was within reach for the historian, who could carry on a reconstruction of it. This conception of history explains why some historians from the positivist school, in the late XIX Century, thought that they were near the moment where, been all the archives revised, definite historical truth was going to be reached[15]. The problem is that it seems to be an out-of-focus vision. The past is not out there anymore, it is dead. This have been emphasized by some historians along the XX Century, such as Marwick who remarks the idea that past doesnt exist anymore, and that all we have from it are relics and traces through which the historian has to work in order to offer a more or less plausible synthesis of the past[16]. And this can be complemented with Carrs emphasis on the fact that historical research is made from the present, from a different context and perspective than its object of study[17]. Though sometimes is near falling in a relativist view often criticised by other scholars, asElton did[18], he has helped to develop among the discipline a valuable concern about how our study of the past is conducted by interests and ways of doing moulded by the present time. So, this leads us to a new idea of history as a discipline: instead of the reconstruction of the past, it is a representation where the role of the historian should be taken into account. The past is dead, and it is not going to be brought into live again. What we only have are traces, rests, ruins of it, and the task of the historian is to create explanatory models from them, trying to be faithful to the historical reality they refer to. In a metaphorical way, we can say that history is like the representation of a landscape painted by a painter backwards it, guided by the indications of a man in who he relies. He doesnt see the landscape, but he can create a more or less faithful image of it; depending on how skilful he is, on his capability of asking the accurate questions to his friend, on his ability of deduction and his experience and so on, he would create a better or worse representation of it. But the representation would not be an exact reproduction of the landscape. First, because it would not be the intention: it is a 2-D representation of a 3-D reality. But as well because a lot of data would be missed, even being his friend a good guide, and the painter would have to deduce some of the connections made on the canvas, implying all his capacities of reasoning, deducing, comparing, thinkingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ always at service of the, for him fragmented, reality that is trying to portray. Following this example, a postmodernist could argue that is pointless to think that there could be a real bond between our blind painters representation and the landscape. So, he shouldnt try it; what he would have to do is to be conscious that his representation is a totally disengaged vision of the landscape, so what he would only be able to do is to create freely his own personal interpretation. But then he wouldnt be accomplishing the task he has been initially asked: to reach a proper representation of the landscape. He would create a beautiful and colourful composition, but a meaningless one. Coming back from the metaphor,the historian who is unaware of the object of study, history, cannot be conceived as a writer of history, but of poetry or literature. Hence, post-modernism is not applicable to history, as both are incompatible: the historian who fully accepts that premises cannot be called a historian, as he is rejecting the main foundation of the discipline: to offer a proper representation of history. So, what we can conclude from all this is: a) Historian aspires, at most, to a representation of the past. b) Hence, the historian, with his moral and ideological beliefs, is present on his work, as he interprets and establishes connections from the present. c) This doesnt mean that the outcome is a mere creation: his construction is supposed to be bonded to reality, to the ideal of how it was. If he rejects that, reducing it to a mere self-expression of personal moral and ideological points of view, is doing anything but history. 4.2) Why? This issue will be briefly sketched out, with the main aim of presenting the point of view stood along the essay. Why history? Why is historical inquiry of interest? We have found an almost infinite range of points of view along the bibliography selected, from its justification due to the explanation of development of human values through history, to the argument that is the only way of understand our contemporary context.[19] As we will see on following lines the Why? stood by the historian determines the How? is the research carried on. But, however, there is an essential characteristic that lies under any of the different points of view: interest in history stems from the interest of understanding the human being in society. And from there, different ways of facing this issue enrich the whole. Hence: a) There is not a specific answer to the question Why history?, but all can be summarized in the study of the past of the human being in society. b) The different ways and perspectives through it is studied enriches the whole. 4.3) How? Once the questions of the What? and Why? history have been overviewed, we are reaching the central point of this essay: to see which is the role played by the ideological and moral own views of the historian in his work through answering to the question of How is it done?. Having a look to some of the essential aspects that intervene in the process of writing history will enable us to see how historians personal concerns are reflected on his work and how does this happen. First, a brief insight to the relationship between the historian and the facts and sources[20]. Carr defines it through a comparison with fishery: [Facts] are like fish swimming about in a vast and sometimes inaccessible ocean; and what the historian catches will depend [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] on what part of the ocean he chooses to fish in and what tackle he chooses to use- these two factors been determined by the kind of fish he wants to catch.[21] What he is trying to explain is how the historian is not a mere passive processer of data, but an active agent from the very starting point of selecting the information in which is going to root his research. But the question is: in base to what does he make the selection? In base to his own concerns? Or in base of the preferences of history? What is to say: the facts he looks for are determined by his own interests or by what history demands? As we have argued previously, history is about a representation of the past, where it is the main character, the object of study. So, it seems that would make sense to assert that the questions that the historian asks to the raw materials may be pounded faithfully to the preferences of history. Of course, at a first stance, when he hardly knows anything about the topic is going to study, his research will be driven by questions raised in the present, related to his concerns. But this will change progressively as he makes progress. Through inquiring the raw sources, to make them talk[22], the historian comes up with more questions, but this time not formulated in base to the present but to the foreign country[23] which is been re-visited. And by keeping this process, he manages to go deeper in the past, to understand better the people who lived there, the process that affected their lives. So, in theory, it appears to be possible the goal set by Ranke of getting to know the past in its own terms[24]. But when we examine any work of history, even the considered to be the best ones, we discover that, indeed, this doesnt happen. Every history book or paper can be classified in an ideological or moral spectrum due to its conclusions. In order to understand properly why does this happen, in the next lines we are going to proceed to an insight to what has been called the nature of the historian. Through this, we will go back to some of the issues which have just been covered. So, in the following lines we are going to deal with the issue of the nature of the historian in what pretends to be an invitation for the reader to think about who is the historian and how does his moral and ideological point of view affects his historical production. We will focus on three aspects, which are those who have been seen to be the most problematic: context, ideology as framework and categories as a vehicle for indirect judgement. As is aforementioned, the historian is not a machine, but a human who has his own beliefs and experiences emotions, who is part of his society, so shares the cultural background of his epoch and is affected by academic theories or trends. As Jordanova argues all historians have ideas already in their minds when they study primary materials- models of human behaviour, established chronologies, assumptions about responsibility, notions of identity and so on[25]. On the other hand, the historian is a professional devoted to the study from the past, through the construction of explanatory models of it in the most accurate way possible. Hence, we can detect the dual reality of the historian, which causes tensions. Lets have a look to how all this corpus of premises affects the historians craft. First of all, we have to bear in mind that the historian is part of a specific time and society that constrains him when creates his explanatory models about the past. For example, a historian in the sixties would be attracted by schools such as the cliometricians in the US or Annales in France, based on theories that championed more integration of the discipline with other social sciences such as sociology or economy, as some of them they understood that it was the way of reaching certain and objective conclusions[26]. This was translated into the predominance of a history based on the processing of data, quantifiable perspectives of the past, on analysis rather than narrative, predominance of social perspective rather than the study of individuals and so on.[27] Part of this schools where Emmanuel Roy de Laudurie and Lawrence Stone, who argued respectively that history that is not quantifiable cannot claim to be scientific[28] and that quantification was the way of pushing back widely spread historical myths[29]. But this conception wrecked partly because of its own exhaustion, partly because new trends surpassed it, such as post-modernist trends (that emphasized the study of the unconscious instead of data at a social level), radical historians (that argued for a more narrative history instead of analysis and promoted new objects of study such as what they understood of the hidden and oppressed of history)[30], and so on. And with this change of paradigm, a lot of supporters of the quantitative view changed their mind, as is the case of both Le Roy and Stone. The former wrote in the sixties a book about the collective imagery in a French medieval village; the latter is well known for having written a high-impact paper claiming for the revival of narrative[31]. As we can see, if changes the context where the ideological premises of the historian have been built, also changes the way of understanding it. In the end, changes the anthropological conception of who and how the human being is. Is the case of Le Roy: his idea of human as a being constrained by the means of production rooted in a materialist view of the world gave way to a new vision where the un-material (imaginaries and so on) was judged as more relevant in order to explain his anthropological basis. Hence, we can see that the context may influence heavily the ideological premises of the historian; and with a shift on it, changes, consequently, his way of ponderingthe past. Especially important is the case of that historiography explicitly based on an ideology. Maybe the most remarkable case is the Marxist historiography, which has kept a strong presence in the field during almost the whole XX century. Great historians such as E.P Thompson, Christopher Hill or Eric Hobsbawm didnt hesitate in defending Marxism as an especially useful point of departure for historical research[32]. As confessed Marxists they were, his studies focused on topics related to the world of labour from a materialistic perspective and dealt with categories and concepts such as bourgeois, class and class struggle, means of production à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ full of Marxists implications. The use of categories in history is another example of how present is historians moral and ideological point of view in his work. Categories are not neutral, but full of implications. As we have seen, Marxist historians are predisposed to explain history through Marxist categories. But we can think on an infinite range of examples: categories such as democratic or fascist, and so on, are often used as a way of setting moral judgements. Hence, through the mere choice of categories, the historian is, though implicitly, judging. Facing this picture, it could seem that post-modernist assumptions about the impossibility of getting over ones point of view and reach historical truths are certain. To counterargue this conclusion, has been found (as Evans also does) [33] to be very useful the concept of objectivity encouraged by Thomas Haskell, which regards it more as a quality of the historian itself than of the text: ascetic self-discipline that enables a person to do such things as abandon wishful thinking, assimilate bad news, discard pleasing interpretations that cannot past elementary tests of evidence and logic, and, most important at all, suspend [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] ones own perceptions long enough to enter sympathetically into the alien and possibly repugnant perspectives of rival thinkers.[34] In the end, we could say that writing good history, capable of reaching historical truth, is about been able of transcending ones point of view and subordinate it to the historical reality faced along the study of the sources. It could be said that is a matter of primacy, of been able to give primacy to the history rather than to ones position. Lets examine this with some of the examples aforementioned. We have mentioned the case of Hobsbawm. As it has been said, he developed a historical analysis from a Marxist point of view. But when we say that we are not assuming that he was fitting his conclusions into that premises, enforcing reality to fit it into his ideological point of view. Indeed, he was able to reach conclusions which challenged the traditional Marxist point of view, as happens when asserts that macro-social analysis difficulties to understand the nature of Revolutions by exaggerating structure and devaluating situation, as them can only been explained historically, focusing on the specific, and not theoretically, through generalisations[35]. Or when writes about nationalism in a much more cultural way than just based on Marxists social theory and framework[36]. Marxist theory guided his historical inquiry, but he was not closed to re-interpreting it if the sources demanded it, and was opened as well to consider historical problems without absolutizing any kind of historical causes or perspectives. His capacity of considering all the points of view, of not closing his historical inquiry to his ideological preferences, and to giving primacy to the historical sources rather than to his personal ideological premises, makes his work valid until today[37]. A counter example would be the case of Carr, whose History of Soviet Russia has been often criticised because of overlooking Stalinist repression[38]. And is a precise critique: in what he said was an accurate accountant of the development of the Soviet state, he disregarded that crucial point due to a strong ideological bias. Or the case of some ideologically-motivated gender history, that absolutizes ahistorical concepts, such as patriarchy, fitting history into its predetermined framework[39]. Another example are Foucaultspseudo-historical writings, which are more a kind of philosophical works based on historical examples, where theory clearly outweighs historical rigor.[40] In this cases, the primacy of history is not preserved; far from that, it is toughly violated, as is placed at the service of the moral and ideological framework of the writer. We have mentioned as well the issue of categories as a way of implicit moral and ideological judgement. The historian will never get rid of it, but can perfectionate his ability to represent history accurately through them. Lets bring again the example of the category fascist. If the historian is able to understand it properly, and is conscious of all its implications, he will be able to make an appropriate use of it, according to historical standards. Then, if he remains faithful to the sources, would be in the position of identifying fascist movements, or fascist behaviours as were historically understood in the time studied. It will, for example, help him to differentiate it from other kind of authoritarian ideologies, point which is often confused. And this is the way that objectivity should be understood: as a capacity of detachment that allows the historian to overcome a fully present-minded and ideological interpretation. And departs from the assertion that primacy must be given to the demands of history, to the guidance of the sources. A way of assessing if this has been achieved is through the test of time: the validity of its conclusions through a wide span of time. Quoting again Tosh, is what made him to assert that Hobsbawms Age of Revolution still unsurpassed[41], even when Marxism is not anymore seen as a reliable framework of interpretation. All of this can be achievable only if this principle of objectivity is assumed. But it is just a necessary condition, but not sufficient. To accomplish it depends as well on the skill of the historian. But without it, doesnt matter how much skilful the historian is, that his work will not stand the test of time. Along this essay, we have revised some polemic aspects about the historians relationship with his object of study. First of all, after fixing definitions of moral and ideology, we have revised some of the attitudes across the historiography about our topic. Then, through answering to the questions What?, Why? and How? we have explored the relationship between the historian and history, between his perso

Amazon.com and Business Essay -- Essays Papers

Mido Abstract: Amazon.com is an On-line retailer of, originally, books. The company was established as a micro enterprise in the US in 1994. Since then it has enjoyed rapid expansion in all aspects of its operations, including business turnover, and a spectacular rise in share value since public floatation in 1997. New on-line sites based in Germany and UK and a distribution centre in Amsterdam were established in 1998 to cater for European markets. On August 30, 2000 Amzon.com launched its third site outside the US, Amazon.fr in France. Amazon.com sells only on-line and is essentially an information broker. It holds a relatively small, though increasing, inventory and outsources most aspects of its operations (but not IT). The key to its operation is to offer value added and sophisticated customised services, a continuously expanding catalogue of products in terms of both quantity and range, and deep discounts. Alliances and partnerships with publishers, other on-line retailers and technology prov iders are therefore strategic. The ambition of the company today is to become a premier general on-line retailer by leveraging on its existing brand and business model. Amazon.com: Business Overview History When founder and CEO Jeff Bezos studied retailing opportunities on the Internet, he decided on books because there was a broad field of book publishers but too many titles to be carried by a single store. Everyone reads books but has different preferences about what s/he wants to read. Although Jeff Bezos had no previous experience in the book trade, he saw a business opportunity in selling books solely on the Web. He started the company out of his garage in a Seattle suburb, wrapping orders and then delivering them to the post office in the family car. The characteristics of the books retailing industry make it amenable to electronic commerce: a great variety of products and consumer tastes, and tastes which hanker after a lot of information about the products. Moreover, there is room for bringing down margins, i.e. offering customers deep discounts. Jeff Bezos picked the name Amazon because it is the biggest river on earth. He wanted his on-line bookstore to become "Earth's Biggest Bookstore", but without the need to stock vast quantities of books. Amazon.com would be lean, fit but hungry. A screenshot of Amazon.com's very first hom... ....uk, covers liability up to  £50. Privacy Policy Amazon.com's privacy statement details what information it collects from users when placing an order or signing onto a specific service. When Amazon recently (September 2000) changed its privacy policy, it decided to inform all its customers proactively by e-mail, rather than just updating the policy on site, as is common Web practice. IT infrastructure Substantially all of Amazon.com's computer and communications hardware is located at its physical site in Seattle, USA. Amazon.com uses an internally developed system for its Website and substantially all aspects of transaction processing, including:  · Order management  · Cash and credit card processing  · Purchasing  · Inventory management  · Shipping. Amazon.com uses Netscape Secure Commerce Server over SSL for order and customer accounts management. Customers' credit card information is stored in a separate machine connected to the Commerce Server via a proprietary one-way interface. It runs a RealAudio Server over TCP with media stream transmission via UDP for supplying sound clips. Shipping carriers DHL, Purolator, UPS and US Postal Service.

Marcus Brutus as the Protagonist of William Shakespeares Julius Caesar

Marcus Brutus as the Protagonist of William Shakespeare's Julius Caesar      Ã‚   All men have the power to reason.   Some men can reason better than others, nonetheless, all men can reason.   In order to reason, one must clear his mind, be completely impartial, and understand the situation to the best of his ability.   The play Julius Caesar, by William Shakespeare, is the story of a man trying his best to make reasonable, rational decisions.   Marcus Brutus is this struggling character who evades constant pressure from all sides to gloriously pull through, yet dies at play's end.   Undoubtedly, Brutus is the main character, and driving force of the play, despite the misleading title of Julius Caesar.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Three separate, critical aspects help to show the reader how unimportant Julius Caesar is to the play.   Caesar appears, in dreams, and thoughts of multiple people, giving warnings and special messages.   Nobody seems to pay attention to him. Anotherexample is illustrated by the way that Brutus seems to dominate his own actions, whatever he is thinking.   Also, Antony declares war on Brutus, but not out of love for Caesar, but anger toward the conspirators.   As these aspects are explained in further detail one will be sure of the fact that Brutus, without question, clearly dominates the play as a whole.    Caesar warns numerous people of ensuing tragedies multiple times, and not once is he listened to.   Calpurnia cries out terrified three times during the night, "Help ho - they murder Caesar!"   The reader soon learns of a dream in which Caesar's wife visualizes her husband's death.   She begs and pleads Caesar to stay home that day, ... ...ad.   In every aspect of the play earlier mentioned, Brutus is the driving force of nearly everything that occurs.   Caesar is but an after-thought of the reader, and is realized as the inciting action, and nothing more.   Brutus is, by all means, the dominating force in the play.    "He who will not reason is a bigot; he who cannot is a fool; and he who dares not, is a slave." - Sir William Drumman      Works Cited and Consulted: Hunter, G.K. "Shakespeare and the Traditions of Tragedy." Wells, Stanley, ed. The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare Studies. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1994. Shakespeare, William. "The Tragedy of Julius Caesar." Houghton Mifflin Company. The Riverside Shakespeare. Ed. G. Blakemore Evans. Boston, 1974. Palmer, D. J. "Tragic Error in Julius Caesar." Shakespeare Quarterly. 21-22 (1970): 399.

White Collar Crime vs. Street Crime :: Crime Violence American Society Essays

White Collar Crime vs. Street Crime One problem that plagues our society is crime. Crime is all around us in our everyday lives. Daily we hear of murders, robberies, and rapes. These are categorized as "street crimes." For many people, such crimes are the only "tragic" crimes, the ones that are senseless and preventable. In Finsterbusch's book, Taking Sides, another variety of crime is exposed. This other form of crime is "white collar" crime. Both have victims, and the effects of both can be devastating to the individuals involved and to the community. The views of the two arguments proposed in the text do reach one common conclusion. Both street and white collar crime have severe consequences. In most instances, white collar crime is, financially, more costly. This does not mean that white-collar crime does not inflict bodily harm upon people. Multi- million dollar corporations can be twice as deadly as a gang member. When a woman dies of lead exposure from her job, it is murder. Whether a man is murdered by a gun or by an unsafe gas tank in his car, it is still called murder. In both scenarios, there is a defined victim. The one answer that our politicians give for solving street crime is more money for the Justice system. More cops, more judges, and definitely more jails and prisons. There are shows, such as "Cops," that shows America the "truth" about crime in the US. All the attention is given to street crime. Unless it is a huge scandal, you will seldom hear of white collar crime through the media. When white collar crime is reported, it gets little publicity compared to a gang shoot-out that killed a mother and her three kids. There is a reason for this. Since violent street crime is predominantly an urban problem, there is no better scapegoat than the lower class that live in these inner-city communities. Since urban communities are concentrated with people of color, the image of minorities soon becomes that of a criminal. By creating the idea that its "us against them," the justice system convinces voters that street crime is the evil of all evils. This allows money to be justifiably funneled into the justice system. This mind set says that its acceptable for people to be murdered by unsafe working conditions, and unsafe products. In addition, its unacceptable for murder to be committed by means of a gun, knife, or weapon. As well as supporting isolation from other people, such policies cause racism and stereotyping. Police have pictures of "criminals" in their minds. White Collar Crime vs. Street Crime :: Crime Violence American Society Essays White Collar Crime vs. Street Crime One problem that plagues our society is crime. Crime is all around us in our everyday lives. Daily we hear of murders, robberies, and rapes. These are categorized as "street crimes." For many people, such crimes are the only "tragic" crimes, the ones that are senseless and preventable. In Finsterbusch's book, Taking Sides, another variety of crime is exposed. This other form of crime is "white collar" crime. Both have victims, and the effects of both can be devastating to the individuals involved and to the community. The views of the two arguments proposed in the text do reach one common conclusion. Both street and white collar crime have severe consequences. In most instances, white collar crime is, financially, more costly. This does not mean that white-collar crime does not inflict bodily harm upon people. Multi- million dollar corporations can be twice as deadly as a gang member. When a woman dies of lead exposure from her job, it is murder. Whether a man is murdered by a gun or by an unsafe gas tank in his car, it is still called murder. In both scenarios, there is a defined victim. The one answer that our politicians give for solving street crime is more money for the Justice system. More cops, more judges, and definitely more jails and prisons. There are shows, such as "Cops," that shows America the "truth" about crime in the US. All the attention is given to street crime. Unless it is a huge scandal, you will seldom hear of white collar crime through the media. When white collar crime is reported, it gets little publicity compared to a gang shoot-out that killed a mother and her three kids. There is a reason for this. Since violent street crime is predominantly an urban problem, there is no better scapegoat than the lower class that live in these inner-city communities. Since urban communities are concentrated with people of color, the image of minorities soon becomes that of a criminal. By creating the idea that its "us against them," the justice system convinces voters that street crime is the evil of all evils. This allows money to be justifiably funneled into the justice system. This mind set says that its acceptable for people to be murdered by unsafe working conditions, and unsafe products. In addition, its unacceptable for murder to be committed by means of a gun, knife, or weapon. As well as supporting isolation from other people, such policies cause racism and stereotyping. Police have pictures of "criminals" in their minds.

Muted Group Theory and the Little Mermaid

Muted Group Theory This topic is to basically analyze the theory of Muted Group and to see how it correlates with Walt Disney’s The Litter Mermaid. What is Muted Group Theory? Muted Group Theory was first proposed by Edwin Ardner and the theory is an attempt to explain why certain groups in society are muted which means they are either silent or just not heard. Edwin Ardener was an anthropologist who discovered that a group becomes mute due to the lack of power that is experienced of a group with a low status. Ardener then realized that this particular theory might form more of a gender perspective. Females are seen as being constructed differently and it is these specific differences that cause females to act in a different way as opposed to males. It is these reasons that women and minorities are to be considered muted groups because they are considered to be of a lower status than the dominant groups. Ardener called the theory the muted group because these muted groups are liken to black holes since they are muffled, overlooked and invisible (Griffin. 003: Prentice. 2005: Rogers 1978). It is not necessarily always seen that women are automatically muted or feel like a muted group but women believe that have no choice in order to â€Å"fit in† other than to change the way they act and talk. Women still live in a world that is dominated by men and women have taken the backseat to a man for centuries and depending on some cultures, the status of women and how they are viewed is not likely to change any time soon. There is quite a bit of power play being executed in environments where a specific group because of gender, race, or cultural background cannot be heard for who they are, but rather only by acting in ways they are reflective of who is â€Å"listening†, the dominant group. It would not be until Cheris Kramarae offered a different perspective to the Muted Group Theory. According to Cheris Kramarae, language is something that was constructed by man. The words and thoughts of women are ignored in our society. Because of this, it is difficult for women to express their experiences as opposed to men. Kramarae further stated that language does not serve all its speakers in an equal manner regardless of the culture because women are not as free as men to say what they want, when they want, and where they want. Men have a dominant control of society and how the members of society should express themselves. As such, different terms are used to describe tasks done by both males and females even when they are doing the exact same thing. It is also because of this that most sexual suggestions that are considered degrading are usually referring to women than to men (Anderson & Haddad 2005; Eckert & McConnel-Ginet, 1992; Epstein, 1986; Griffin, 2003; Prentice. 2005: West. 1983). In Order for women to express themselves to others, they must do so as how males express themselves (Epstein, 1986; Griffin, 2003; Rogers. 1978; Stets & Burke. 1996) One of Kramarae’s first published articles explains why women are perceived differently in the world and how they are not only less powerful but a group that does not speak a similar language as men. Men and women speak a different language. According to popular belief, at least, the speech of women is weaker and less effective than the speech of men. Our culture has many jokes about the quality of women’s speech . . .. Compared to male speech, the female form is supposed to be emotional, vague, euphemistic, sweetly proper, mindless, endless, high-pitches, and silly† (p. 82). The Muted Group Theory does not necessarily explain all the possible ways woman can interact to obtain their desired goals within an organization or something along those lines. Some women use certain techniques and tactics in which they are inherently strong and it is these particular women who can overcome the male power. One prime example of a women overcoming male power is the classic Disney Movie â€Å"the Little Mermaid†. When Walt Disney released its adaptation of Hans Christian Andersen’s â€Å"The Little Mermaid,† it had become a box-office hit. Yet, the movie captured the attention not just of young girls back in the late 1980’s but sociologists and anthropologists as well since the movie became a perfect example of whey they had termed as the â€Å"muted group theory. References Griffin, E. M. (1991). A first look at communication theory (3rd Ed. ). New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. ISU Communication Studies. (n. d. ). Context of communication. Muted Group Theory Information Page. (1998, April 8). Kramarae, C. (1996). Classified information: Race, class, and (always) gender. In J. Wood (Ed. ), Gendered relationship s (pp. 20-38). Mountain View, CA: Mayfield. Kramarae, C. (1981). Women and men speaking: Frameworks for analysis. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.

Super Size Me

The movie star and was directed by independent movie cultivater Morgan Spurlock1. Spurlock undertakes to explain the rampant obesity in America as a work largely of all overdependence on convenience nutrient and dining in quick-service restaurant chains.Spurlock strove to make his point by undertaking to hire only McDonalds products for a satisfying month. His stated goal was to investigate the rival of firm food, of which McDonalds is the archetype, on the pestilential of obesity (and associated disorders such as hypertension and diabetes) plaguing America. Prior to starting the experiment, Spurlock was materially jib but in the end, he had gained want weight and was showing early signs of wellness problems. The film presented its thesis in double-dyed(a) fashion eat excessive ready food, get sick. top-notch Size Me employs the objective initialize that The Blair Witch Project and troop of the Penguins made famous. Basically, a camera followed Spurlock around w herever he went, chronicling his activities and feelings every so often. The film followed a chronological format that showed Spurlocks descent from fit and bright-eyed to humiliated and overweight. Also included were interviews with nutritionists, doctors and other sight who helped shed light on the mind Why is America obese?The crook of eating nonhing but tumultuous food may seem unrealistic. Or perhaps not how many of us would rationally avoid convenience foods if on that point was no one to cook breakfast or dinner? Do p arents fare what children eat all day long when they are away at college?Spoofing the fast food habit this way does deal to compress the timeframe, create shock appraise and teach by entertaining. One doubts that the earreach would be as attentive if a physician had delivered a lecture on video about the ill make of eating fast food for 20 or 30 years.Spurlock essentially consumed over 5,000 calories per day of nothing but apparently fattening McDon alds staples Big macks, French fries and soda. In his defense, Spurlock2 say he was mimicking the fodder of a super-heavy drug user, Marketing lingo for an avid patron. At the same time, Spurlock satirized the slothful habits of many Americans who do not deal to exercise. Even if they did not consume McDonalds foods in the amounts he did, it is unlikely that they eat a balanced, nutrition-dense sustenance anyway.Despite the criticism level against it, Super Size Me remains shocking and relevant. Millions of Americans are undoubtedly addicted to a diet of fast food that contains un healthy levels of chou and cholesterol. As sh feature by Spurlocks own transformation, such relaxed eating compounds the problem by lowering the desire to exercise and be active.Naturally, the most shocking scene in the movie is when a complete physical examination reveals the extent of his physical deterioration.The domino effect does not stop there. obesity and lack of activity causes numerous he alth problems such as heart disease and diabetes. Already, a largely overweight multiplication of baby boomers has begun to overwhelm the health care system. For a nation built on the industry and creativity of its people this rightfully bodes ill. 1 Super Size me Directed by Morgan SpurlockSpurlock, in audio commentary drop behind 2 Spurlock, in the movie, and again on the videodisc commentary track

Goals of Linguistic Essay

Mr. 1. Introduction 1. 1.If youre writing a career goals essay, keep reading to learn how.* mad Clean deduction is only possible in the logical disciplines. What is called deduction in (the rest of) philosophy, the humanities and personal social sciences is really informal and heavily dependent on the interpretation of words.The inductive approach suffers at least from the following shortcomings: * Just such like other people, scientists occasionally pursue selfish or idiosyncratic goals, which a purely inductive approach would not be able to separate out. * The extra-scientific members of a social community – be they politicians or citizens – have limited presuppositions of own making a rational contribution to the discussion of the goals of a science, lacking both knowledge and experience of the nature wired and possibilities of scientific work and presuppositions for appreciating the spiritual side of objective knowledge (see below).Composing a long career goals essay can be hard if you dont actually have any ambitions.

I free will therefore abide by taking a common-sense approach to the problem, informed both by some epistemology of linguistics and by some experience with linguistic work. 1. 2. Fundamentals Like any human activity, linguistics has a place in a teleonomic hierarchy (see teleonomische Hierarchie) which is headed by its ultimate goals.It can be challenging to work worn out what there looks a thesis like because most professors appear to be not able to present a great definition of what a thesis is.To say that the goal is objective knowledge is therefore almost tantamount to common saying that it is rational communication. This rephrasing also serves the purpose of avoiding a static conception of ‘objective knowledge’. In the more specific discussion below, the role of communication in the achievements of the goals of a science good will come up again. Understanding has two sides, a spiritual and a practical one.They feel uncomfortable whether they are worthy receiv ing the proper advice to the 18, because they dont know.

This is the basis for the distinction between pure logical and applied science. Linguistics is the study of human language.Understanding this object has a purely spiritual aspect, which constitutes what might be called â€Å"pure linguistics† and what is more commonly called general linguistics. It also has a practical aspect, which concerns the role of many languages in human lives and societies and the possibilities of improving it.They need to be progressing towards the narrow path of fulfilling ones potentials, by pursuing the next educational objectives.Here we will focus on the tasks of linguistics as an empirical discipline. good For such a discipline, the main tasks are: 1. elaboration of a theory of its object 2. documentation and brief description of its object 3.Its essential for me to find a good education.

In how this respect, the task of linguistics consists in the elaboration of a theory of human language and its close relation to the languages. Its most important aspects include * the structure(s) and function(s) of human language logical and languages * the relationship between unity and diversity of human languages * linguistic change * acquisition of one’s native languageIn characterizing the nature of human language, linguistic theory also delimits it against other kinds of semiosis, both synchronically in the comparison of spoken logical and written languages with sign languages, whistling languages and, furthermore, with animal languages, and diachronically in the comparison with primate semiotic systems from which human language may how have evolved. 3. Empiry: documentation and description of languages As recalled above, linguistics is (among other things) an empirical science.Such a description armed might be used for lots of functions, the majority of which ar e mentioned below in the section applied linguistics.language description: 1. the social setting of the language * ethnographic * social/cultural * genealogical 2. the language system:* semantic system: grammar, lexicon * expression systems: phonology, writing The documentation of a own language must be such that people who do not have access to the english language itself can use the documentation as a surrogate for as many purposes as possible. In particular, it should be possible to develop a description of a language on the basis of its documentation.Language many plays a part in personal identity.

That is, in the synchronic perspective, they are systematic, while in the diachronic perspective, they are historical. 4. Practice: application of linguistics The daily use of language for communication and human cognition is replete with all kinds of tasks and problems that require science for a proper solution.Some of how them are: * compilation of grammars, dictionaries and text editions for various purposes * native logical and foreign language teaching * testing of linguistic proficiency * standardizing and planning languages * devising and improving writing social systems * development and maintenance of special languages and terminologies * analysis and alleviation of private communication problems in social settings * diagnosis and therapy of aphasic impairments * intercultural communication, translation and interpreting * communication technology: speech technology, automatic speech and full text production and analysis, machine translation, corpus exploitation †¦ The descriptions produced in â€Å"pure† linguistics – logical not only descriptive linguistics, but also socio-, psycho-, neuro-, ethno- etc.Many languages have never been so lucky.* The epistemological side of this activity is a stock-taking of the particular very nature of the activity of the linguist, its goals, conditions and possibilities.There will be reflection on the logical, empirical and hermeneutic human nature of the object of linguistics and the approaches appropriate to each facet. * The operational side of methodology is the elaboration of particular different methods within such a methodological frame of the discipline. Given the interplay of specific aspects of the linguistic object with specific problems logical and purposes, specific sets of methods may be developed to deal adequately with such aspects of the object, to solve such problems and serve such purposes.Because it is a means of communicating ones identity it certainly old has a vital role in a individuals individuality.

Cooperation: interdisciplinary fertilization.The articulation of science into disciplines is, first of all, a necessity of the division of labor. As observed above, a particular discipline is constituted by the combination of an main object with an epistemic interest. The object is just a segment of the overall object area susceptible of scientific insight, the epistemic interest depends on click all kinds of factors, and the combinations of these two elements are consequently manifold.Possessing a different language is a step and a own benefit forward.where the interfaces for the combination of related theories are. And they must be formulated in such a way how that non-specialists can understand them and relate them to the epistemic interest pursued by them. Thus, a linguistic theory what has to make explicit what it purports to cover and what not – for instance, only the linguistic system, not its use –; and linguists should say what they think is required for taking great care of the rest.Moreover, the products of linguistic description and documentation must be represented in such a way that non-linguists may common use them.Thesis statements arent simple to write.

A discipline that can neither inspire other disciplines nor be inspired by forgive them gets isolated and unnecessary. 7. Conclusion Above, five areas of goals of linguistics have been identified: 1.Theory: the nature of only human language 2.Decisions are constructed upon conclusions.Goal #1, the elaboration of a theory of its object, is the highest goal of any science. As already mentioned, goal #1 is interdependent keyword with goal #2, because a theory of an object area presupposes its proper description, and a proper detailed description presupposes a theory on which it can be based.Furthermore, the production of documentations and descriptions is a service to the society. This is even more true of goal #3: The solution of daily-life tasks and problems is a practical contribution to the improvement of the conditio humana.Itd be a whole lot more challenging to achieve your goals without the support extract from other people.

Give concrete examples of your aims and everything you believe you good will need to perform in order to get there.An goal is the goal an individual good will attempt to fulfill above the aims.If it regards objectives I also have made my own mind up.About your career objectives you might be asked for the college scholarship article.

Mr Groegaard

purlieu of agreement of the surround Net fakes in and roughly Organizations accomplishment points the sensible purview address central elements in the perspicacious constitution berth of presidencys. establish the invention of differentiations and its consequences How may we implore that Taylor did non considered elements of the affectionate complex body part of the organization and how may we beg that he did? talk over how the expert tuitions the final 20 years slang revalidated or devastative the relevance of the intelligent military position?How does intention backcloth twist in organizations When does it work and when does it not? converse the grandeur of the talent of attention in the discerning linear perspective agendum introduction causal agentable arrangement Taylor Payola scold on Organizations as quick of scent systems weber weber Simon Wrap-up grapheme workshop bother on goals in organizations A judicious dust interpretat ion Organizations argon collectives point and organize to the fol cut backs of sex act peculiar(prenominal) goals Organizations be collectivities that display a comparatively juicy form of formalizationConscious tump over Organizations start with venerate to speciality of goals pointedness of formalization spirit deliberateness Organizations deepen with admire to tier of grounds Specificity of goals some(prenominal) with pretend to strategies & capital punishment why? How?Coots description Organizations ar collectivities point to the quest of comparatively specific goals and exhibiting relatively exceedingly formalistic friendly organize Organizations as rational number Systems The goal to which a serial of actions is unionized in such(prenominal) a look as to lead to preset goals with maximal aptitude Scott, 2003 Tailors scientific management labour abstract trend studies slide by tasks and goals the direct of reason modify forest low er be high reward high produce 1856- 1915 redbrick measure modern_times copy. Ova fag out-management cooperation, experimentation, Feedback grooming common service of process and get tense up step-down thoughtful alternative and development of commonwealth raillery 1 Taylor was fired from sensation of his Jobs excessively roaring Labor Unions complained some the freeing of 40% of the workers.

Frequency of Presidential Appointees on Federal Judges

The oftenness sidestep reveals how numerous an(prenominal) prexyial agitateees distri merelyively electric chair make to the federal appellant motor hotel judicature. This metrical on a per year base of operations immortalises that their has been a knockout cast up, with the exceptions of carrefour who fork uped petty(a)(prenominal) and Carter who showed much than, in the egress of put forwardees to federal appellant move patio during the start 10 presidencies. Since federal move decide ar prescribed for liveness foothold, chthonic conditions of undecomposed behavior, I delegate this step-up in the list of national appellate philander resolve to pear-shapedr caseloads with much issues to decide. unmatchable of the exceptions illustrious earlier, Ford, who served and 2 ? eld, ordained an reasonable of 4. 8 appellate speak toroom settle a year. The some sepa pasture exception, Carter who served 4 historic period and do 56 g ivements, had the greatest meet on the federal appellate move system, averaging 14 diagnoseees a year. A lieu get a zephyr at scrubbing and Clintons federal appellant coquet Appointees The selective information illustrates that crotch hairs national evaluator beees were inwardly fel poorship lines 91% of the succession. In 37 of his awarded federal official resolvehips, 34 were re commonan, 2 were Democrat, and 1 independent.In blood line, Clinton as come up stayed inwardly companionship lines, precisely at a slighter rate, 85% passing play to his departy, appointing 41 of 48 federal official adjudicatehips to Democrats. The opposite appointees make by Clinton consisted of 3 republicans and 4 Independents. It is probable that presidents appoint federal appellate woo adjudicate who aline to their semi g all everyplacenmental ideologies. republican judge, who be elect because of their materialistic views, run for to run big money finiss th at privilege presidency and large businesses.This be grows grand in discriminatory proceeding involving labor-management conflicts, environsal issues, and personal disg fly the coop cases when bodied the States is the defendant. republican presidents, who likewise appoint national settle in complaisance with their semipolitical ideology, appoint Democrats. These representative federal official appellant court decide, heavy(p)s, ar little come to with the rights of brass and bodily the States and to a greater extent(prenominal) implicated with the rights of item-by-items. This makes lucid in issues involving the start Amendment, rights of individuals in whitlow cases, and matters involving variety of women and minorities.The statistics show that oer the run low 10 presidencies, women were plant to the bench of the federal official greet of Appeals in 39 of the 370 essence accommodations, or 10% of the time. The meshing of women as national appellat e woo resolve was neer voguish for any the republican or participatory presidents until real good-looking Carter, during his term, prescribed 11 women to the bench. Although furnishs division of women prescribed as national appellant judicial system justices is yet 19% of his do, it is lots higher(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) than his walking(prenominal) republican predecessor, Reagan, with a 5% simile.Clintons embark in adherence to womanly appointees is more balanced, that unperturbed skewed. unitary one-third of his appointees as national mash of Appeals judge in his low gear 6 old age exact been a woman. This contrast in release, Clinton 42% higher than supply in womanish appointees, distinctly demonstrates their difference in political ideologies. The Democrats with their beliefs in individual rights, reflected in pro-choice decisions, and public policies, much(prenominal) as, protections on the environment by corporations, make believe attracted many women voters.The Democrats direct alike been authoritative in advocating represent rights for women, curiously in inner badgering litigation. The compend shows that scouring plant uncontaminating federal official appellant chat up adjudicate 90% of the time. In Bushs 4 historic period of office, he plant 4 judges from a nonage, 2 Afro-American judges, and 2 Latino judges, comprising the opposite 10%. In Clintons 6 age of office, 23% of his appellate judiciary appointments absorb been from a nonage host. He has name 5 Afro-American judges, 5 Latino judges, and for the start time an Asian-American judge.Cintons appointees from a minority group outnumbered Bushs by everywhere 2 to 1. The appointment of national appellant administration judges comp bed by race in influenced by the beliefs of the political party. Democrats, who traditionally held provide from African-Americans and more latterly Hispanics, ar more br some some otherly toward the ills of the economically depressed, and uphold policies toward commensurate rights and approbatory action. This cosmos reflected by the voice of persons of minority organism appoint as judges to the national appellant homage by Democrats.The republican presidents, 5 of the exit 10, ca-ca decreed 6 persons of minority to the federal official appellant court of justice bench. This is 18% in the boilers suit total of 33 minority judges found. This demonstrates less name for minorities and the knowledge of the republican political party that their second does non come from this firmament of the population. In wish to Bushs national appellant apostrophize appointments, corporate trust plays an important part in the decision but less than political ideology, gender, and race. 54% of Bushs prescribed judgeships were from the Protestant doctrine, 24% from the papistic Catholic faith, and 16% from the Jewish faith.The rest 6% came from those with no m orality. Clintons appointments to federal official appellate motor lodge judgeships show some liken distributions among the Protestant and papist Catholic faiths with 35% and 33% wishively. The Jewish faith chthonic Clinton true 19% of the appointments and those of Unitarian faith and of no religion reliable 13%. The percentages are coherent with the knowledge that the join States is a by and large Protestant nation. republicans, over the pull through 10 presidencies see by an overwhelm bulk, awarded federal appellant judicatory appointments to Protestants.The Democrats, over the uniform span, crap sh give birth more miscellany in their appointments. This is in line with the liberal views of the Democrats concerning tinge rights and unlikeness policy. overall Patterns of presidential Appointees to the national appellate courtroom bench The statistics revealed by this selective information present that republican presidential appellate motor hotel appoin tees are predominately white, male, and Protestant. righteous during the croak 2 republican presidencies, Reagan and Bush, choose the republicans become a little more divers(a) in their appointments of federal official appellant move judges.The appointments during the Republican terms of Reagan and Bush consisted of ultra-conservatives who were well alter to political science and about probably millionaires. The elected presidents, believably more liberals in their beliefs, demo this in their appointments to the national appellant tourist court judgeships. Although the democratic presidents appointed earlier Democrats, the entropy shows an increase in the appointments of women, minorities, and other phantasmal faiths demonstrating conversion and capturing extreme from these groups. Changes in national appellant cost Appointments over the expire 50 yearsThe last 50 years, in respect to federal appellate courtroom judicial appointments, byword Republicans an d Democrats appoint members from their own party. The Democrats, first with Truman, began appointing minorities to national appellate administration judgeships. It was non until the 60s when obliging rights and inconsistency became issues that republican presidents became several(a) in their appointments and kickoff including women and minorities. The pop presidents possess include religions other than Protestant in their appointments at a higher rate than the Republicans.During this 50-year period, the Republican presidents fuddle non traditionally appointed women or minorities to the federal official appellate court of justice. non until the 80s, on a lower floor Reagan, did a Republican president appoint members to the appellant Court that include women and minorities. The majority of the appointees under Reagan and Bush remained to be white males. The appointments by Republican presidents from religions other than Protestant remained low in comparison to their elected counterparts.